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1 iron-and-steel furnaces
металлургические печи; печи чёрной металлургииАнгло-русский словарь технических терминов > iron-and-steel furnaces
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2 iron-and-steel furnaces
Техника: металлургические печи, печи чёрной металлургииУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > iron-and-steel furnaces
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3 металлургические печи
iron-and-steel furnacesБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > металлургические печи
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4 печи черной металлургии
iron-and-steel furnacesБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > печи черной металлургии
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5 металлургические печи
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > металлургические печи
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6 печи черной металлургии
Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > печи черной металлургии
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7 металлургические печи
Русско-английский политехнический словарь > металлургические печи
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8 печи черной металлургии
Русско-английский политехнический словарь > печи черной металлургии
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9 furnace
1) печь2) топка, топочная камера5) термостат ( в хроматографии)•-
anode-drop furnace
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Pulse furnace
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acid furnace
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acid open-hearth furnace
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air furnace
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air tempering furnace
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Ajax furnace
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all-basic furnace
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all-electric furnace
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all-radiant furnace
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annealing furnace
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annular furnace
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arc furnace
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ash fusion furnace
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asphalt furnace
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assay furnace
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bakeout furnace
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barrel-type furnace
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basic furnace
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basic open-hearth furnace
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basic oxygen furnace
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batch-type furnace
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batch furnace
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bath-type furnace
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bath furnace
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bell-type furnace
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belt furnace
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belt-charged blast furnace
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belt-heating furnace
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bifurcated furnace
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biscuit furnace
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black furnace
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blackening furnace
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blast furnace
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bogie hearth furnace
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bogie furnace
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bogie-type furnace
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boiler furnace
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boosted furnace
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bottom-electrode arc furnace
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bottom-fired walking-beam furnace
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box furnace
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brick furnace
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bung-type roof furnace
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burnout furnace
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calcining furnace
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car furnace
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carborundum furnace
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carburizing furnace
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catalyst furnace
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catenary arch furnace
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catenary furnace
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cathode-ray furnace
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cellulating furnace
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ceramic furnace
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chamber furnace
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channel-gasification furnace
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circular furnace
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closed-top furnace
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coal-fired furnace
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coil-heating furnace
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coiling furnace
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cold top furnace
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cold-charged furnace
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combined direct flame-radiant tube furnace
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compartment furnace
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consumable electrode arc furnace
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continuous annealing furnace
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continuous furnace
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continuous pack-and-pair heating furnace
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continuous single-strand furnace
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conveyortype furnace
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conveyor furnace
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copper blast furnace
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copper-smelting furnace
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coreless-type induction furnace
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coreless induction furnace
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core-type induction furnace
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corner-fired furnace
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cracking furnace
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cross-fired furnace
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crucible furnace
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crucible melting furnace
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crystal growing furnace
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crystal-pulling furnace
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cupelling furnace
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cupel furnace
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cupola furnace
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cyaniding furnace
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cyclone furnace
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descaling furnace
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devitrification furnace
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diffusion furnace
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direct resistance furnace
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direct-arc conducting hearth furnace
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direct-arc furnace
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direct-fired furnace
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direct-fired reducing furnace
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divided furnace
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double-bed furnace
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double-crown furnace
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double-end fired furnace
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double-hearth furnace
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down-draft furnace
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downshot-type furnace
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downward-fired furnace
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drip furnace
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dry-bottom furnace
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dry furnace
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EB furnace
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electric furnace
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electric pig-iron furnace
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electric pit-type heating furnace
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electric resistance furnace
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electric steel furnace
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electric-tube furnace
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electrode-hearth arc furnace
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electrolytic furnace
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electron beam furnace
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electroslag remelting furnace
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enameling furnace
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enamel furnace
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end-fired furnace
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epitaxial furnace
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equalizing furnace
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equiflux furnace
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fagoted iron furnace
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ferroalloy furnace
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fired top and bottom furnace
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firing furnace
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fixed furnace
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fixed open-hearth furnace
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fixed roof-type furnace
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flame furnace
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flash furnace
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flat glass furnace
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flattening furnace
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fluid-bed furnace
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forging furnace
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Fourcault tank furnace
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frit furnace
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front-door furnace
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front-fired furnace
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gantry-type furnace
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garbage furnace
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gas chamber furnace
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gas furnace
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gas-fired radiant tube furnace
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gas-reforming furnace
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glass furnace
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glass-bending furnace
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glass-foam furnace
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glass-melting furnace
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glazing furnace
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gradient furnace
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graphite rod melting furnace
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hand-rabbled furnace
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hardening furnace
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hearth furnace
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heating furnace
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heat-treatment furnace
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Heroult electric arc furnace
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high-frequency furnace
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high-frequency induction furnace
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high-frequency steel furnace
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high-temperature solar furnace
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high-top pressure blast furnace
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holding furnace
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holding-melting furnace
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hood-type annealing furnace
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horizontal ring furnace
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hot air furnace
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ignition furnace
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immersed electrode salt-bath furnace
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immersion-burner furnace
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immersion furnace
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in-and-out furnace
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independent-arc furnace
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indirect resistance furnace
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indirect-arc furnace
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induction crucible furnace
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induction low-frequency furnace
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induction melting furnace
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induction-arc furnace
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induction furnace
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induction-stirred furnace
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ingot heating furnace
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iron-and-steel furnaces
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iron-melting furnace
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LD furnace
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lift-and-swing-aside roof furnace
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lift-coil induction furnace
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lift-off bell-type furnace
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lift-off bell furnace
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liquid-ball furnace
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low-frequency furnace
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low-shaft furnace
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low-thermal mass furnace
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Maerz-Boelens furnace
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malleable annealing furnace
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Martin furnace
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matting furnace
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mechanically rabbled furnace
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melting furnace
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mesh belt conveyor furnace
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Miguet furnace
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moving belt furnace
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muffle furnace
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multiple-bedded furnace
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multistack annealing furnace
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multistage furnace
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nitriding furnace
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nonferrous melting furnace
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nonoxidizing annealing furnace
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normalizing furnace
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oil-fired furnace
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one-zone furnace
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open gas furnace
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open-flame furnace
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open-hearth furnace
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open-hearth rolling furnace
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open-top furnace
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opposed-firing furnace
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ore furnace
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ore-smelting furnace
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overburdened furnace
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oxidation furnace
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permeable-lining furnace
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petroleum furnace
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pipe furnace
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pit-type furnace
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pit furnace
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plasmarc furnace
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plate-glass furnace
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plate furnace
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porcelain-enamel furnace
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positive pressure furnace
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pot furnace
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pot-and-muffle furnace
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preheating furnace
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pressure-fired furnace
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printing furnace
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producer furnace
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protective gas furnace
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pulverized-coal dry-ash furnace
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pulverized-coal furnace
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pulverized-coal slag-tap furnace
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pusher-type furnace
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pusher furnace
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quartz-melting furnace
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quartz furnace
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quenching furnace
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rabbling furnace
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radiant tubular furnace
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radiation furnace
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reaction furnace
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recirculation forced convection furnace
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recirculation furnace
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rectangular hood furnace
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recuperative continuous furnace
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recuperative furnace
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refining furnace
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reforming furnace
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regenerative furnace
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removable cover furnace
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resistance arc furnace
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resistance element salt-bath furnace
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resistance furnace
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resistance tube furnace
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resistance-heated pot-type furnace
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resistance-heating muffle furnace
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resistor furnace
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resistor melting furnace
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reverberating furnace
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ring furnace
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roasting furnace
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rocking arc furnace
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rocking furnace
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rocking resistor furnace
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Rohn furnace
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roller-hearth furnace
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roof lance furnace
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rotary hearth furnace
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rotating-bath furnace
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rotor furnace
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runout-body furnace
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salt furnace
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sealed quench furnace
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self-powered furnace
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semirotary melting furnace
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shaft furnace
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shaft-coking furnace
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sheet-glass furnace
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sheet furnace
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shelf furnace
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short annealing furnace
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side-charged furnace
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side-port furnace
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singeing furnace
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single furnace
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single pot furnace
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single-cell furnace
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single-stack annealing furnace
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sintering furnace
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sinter furnace
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skull furnace
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slag-drip furnace
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slagging-bottom furnace
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slag-tap furnace
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sloping hearth furnace
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smelting furnace
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solar furnace
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soldering furnace
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Solvex cracking furnace
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spark-gap converter furnace
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stationary open-hearth furnace
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steel-making furnace
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steel furnace
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strand-type furnace
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stress-relieving furnace
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submerged-arc furnace
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supercharged furnace
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sweat furnace
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symmetric LD furnace
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tandem furnace
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tangentially fired furnace
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tank furnace
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three-cell furnace
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three-phase ore-smelting furnace
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three-storied furnace
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through-type retort furnace
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tile furnace
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tilling furnace
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tilting open-hearth furnace
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tipping furnace
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top hat annealing furnace
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top-charge furnace
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top-fired heating furnace
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toughening furnace
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tower-type furnace
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traveling hearth furnace
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triple-bell furnace
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triple-fired furnace
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tube furnace
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twin furnace
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underfeed furnace
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upshot fired furnace
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upshot furnace
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vacuum furnace
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vacuum-arc-refining furnace
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vacuum-induction furnace
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versatile bar furnace
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vertical pull-through furnace
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VIM furnace
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walking beam furnace
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warm-air furnace
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water-cooled furnace
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water-cooled infrared furnace
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water-jacketed furnace
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water-jacket furnace
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water-walled furnace
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wet-bottom furnace
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wind furnace
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zinc-distillation furnace
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zone melting furnace -
10 металлургические печи
Engineering: iron-and-steel furnacesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > металлургические печи
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11 печи чёрной металлургии
Engineering: iron-and-steel furnacesУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > печи чёрной металлургии
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12 Riley, James
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1840 Halifax, Englandd. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England[br]English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.[br]After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.Bibliography1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.Further ReadingA.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8."Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).JKA -
13 Talbot, Benjamin
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 19 September 1864 Wellington, Shropshire, Englandd. 16 December 1947 Solberge Hall, Northallerton, Yorkshire, England[br]Talbot, William Henry Fox English steelmaker and businessman who introduced a technique for producing steel "continuously" in large tilting basic-lined open-hearth furnaces.[br]After spending some years at his father's Castle Ironworks and at Ebbw Vale Works, Talbot travelled to the USA in 1890 to become Superintendent of the Southern Iron and Steel Company of Chattanooga, Tennessee, where he initiated basic open-hearth steelmaking and a preliminary slag washing to remove silicon. In 1893 he moved to Pennsylvania as Steel Superintendent at the Pencoyd works; there, six years later, he began his "continuous" steelmaking process. Returning to Britain in 1900, Talbot marketed the technique: after ten years it was in successful use in Britain, continental Europe and the USA; it promoted the growth of steel production.Meanwhile its originator had joined the Cargo Fleet Iron Company Limited on Teesside, where he was made Managing Director in 1907. Twelve years later he assumed, in addition, the same position in the allied South Durham Steel and Iron Company Limited. While remaining Managing Director, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of both companies in 1925, and Chairman in 1940. The companies he controlled survived the depressed 1920s and 1930s and were significant contributors to British steel output, with a capacity of more than half a million tonnes per year.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Iron and Steel Institute 1928, and (British) National Federation of Iron and Steel Manufacturers. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1908. Franklin Institute (Philadelphia), Elliott Cresson Gold Medal, and John Scott Medal 1908.Bibliography1900, "The open-hearth continuous steel process", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 57 (1):33–61.1903, "The development of the continuous open-hearth process", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 63(1):57–73.1905, "Segregation in steel ingots", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 68(2):204–23. 1913, "The production of sound steel by lateral compression of the ingot whilst its centre is liquid", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 87(1):30–55.Further ReadingG.Boyce, 1986, entry in Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. V, ed. J.Jeremy, Butterworth.W.G.Willis, 1969, South Durham Steel and Iron Co. Ltd, South Durham Steel and Iron Company Ltd (includes a few pages specifically on Talbot, and a portrait photo). J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (mentions Talbot's business attitudes).JKA -
14 Darby, Abraham
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, Englandd. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.[br]Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.[br]Further ReadingA.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.LRD -
15 Neilson, James Beaumont
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 22 June 1792 Shettleston, near Glasgow, Scotlandd. 18 January 1865 Queenshill, Kirkcudbright-shire, Scotland[br]Scottish inventor of hot blast in ironmaking.[br]After leaving school before the age of 14 Neilson followed his father in tending colliery-steam engines. He continued in this line while apprenticed to his elder brother and afterwards rose to engine-wright at Irvine colliery. That failed and Neilson obtained work as Foreman at the first gasworks to be set up in Glasgow. After five years he became Manager and Engineer to the works, remaining there for thirty years. He introduced a number of improvements into gas manufacture, such as the use of clay retorts, iron sulphate as a purifier and the swallow-tail burner. He had meanwhile benefited from studying physics and chemistry at the Andersonian University in Glasgow.Neilson is best known for introducing hot blast into ironmaking. At that time, ironmasters believed that cold blast produced the best results, since furnaces seemed to make more and better iron in the winter than the summer. Neilson found that by leading the air blast through an iron chamber heated by a coal fire beneath it, much less fuel was needed to convert the iron ore to iron. He secured a patent in 1828 and managed to persuade Clyde Ironworks in Glasgow to try out the device. The results were immediately favourable, and the use of hot blast spread rapidly throughout the country and abroad. The equipment was improved, raising the blast temperature to around 300°C (572°F), reducing the amount of coal, which was converted into coke, required to produce a tonne of iron from 10 tonnes to about 3. Neilson entered into a partnership with Charles Macintosh and others to patent and promote the process. Successive, and successful, lawsuits against those who infringed the patent demonstrates the general eagerness to adopt hot blast. Beneficial though it was, the process did not become really satisfactory until the introduction of hot-blast stoves by E.A. Cowper in 1857.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1846.Further ReadingS.Smiles, Industrial Biography, Ch. 9 (offers the most detailed account of Neilson's life). Proc. Instn. Civ. Engrs., vol. 30, p. 451.J.Percy, 1851, Metallurgy: Iron and Steel (provides a detailed history of hot blast).W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans (provides brief details).LRDBiographical history of technology > Neilson, James Beaumont
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16 Gibbons, John
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]fl. 1800–50 Staffordshire, England[br]English ironmaster who introduced the round hearth in the blastfurnace.[br]Gibbons was an ironmaster in the Black Country, South Staffordshire, in charge of six blast furnaces owned by the family business. Until Gibbons's innovation in 1832, small changes in the form of the furnace had at times been made, but no one had seriously questioned the square shape of the hearth. Gibbons noticed that a new furnace often worked poorly by improved as time went on. When it was "blown out", i.e. taken out of commission, he found that the corners of the hearth had been rounded off and the sides gouged out, so that it was roughly circular in shape. Gibbons wisely decided to build a blast furnace with a round hearth alongside an existing one with a traditionally shaped hearth and work them in exactly the same conditions. The old furnace produced 75 tons of iron in a week, about normal for the time, while the new one produced 100 tons. Further improvements followed and in 1838 a fellow ironmaster in the same district, T. Oakes, considerably enlarged the furnace, its height attaining no less than 60ft (18m). As a result, output soared to over 200 tons a week. Most other ironmasters adopted the new form with enthusiasm and it proved to be the basis for the modern blast furnace. Gibbons made another interesting innovation: he began charging his furnace with the "rubbish", slag or cinder, from earlier ironmaking operations. It contained a significant amount of iron and was cheaper to obtain than iron ore, as it was just lying around in heaps. Some ironmasters scorned to use other people's throw-outs, but Gibbons sensibly saw it as a cheap source of iron; it was a useful source for some years during the nineteenth century but its use died out when the heaps were used up. Gibbons published an account of his improvements in ironmaking in a pamphlet entitled Practical Remarks on the Construction of the Staffordshire Blast Furnace.[br]Bibliography1839, Practical Remarks on the Construction of the Staffordshire Blast Furnace, Birmingham; reprinted 1844.Further ReadingJ.Percy, 1864, Metallurgy. Iron and Steel, London, p. 476. W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 44–6.LRD -
17 Parry, George
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]fl. 1800–1850 Wales[br]Welsh ironmaker and inventor of the bell and hopper for blastfurnaces.[br]Until the mid-nineteenth century, blast furnaces were open at the top to facilitate loading of the iron ore, fuel and flux (the charge). However, that arrangement allowed the hot gases produced in the furnace to escape, whereas they could have been used to heat boilers or the incoming air blast. Attempts had been made to capture the fugitive gases, but they had all failed until George Parry devised his bell and hopper equipment for dosing the throat or top of the furnace. He fixed an inverted cone or hopper inside the throat and arranged inside it a cast-iron bell that could be raised or lowered. When in the raised position, it was in contact with the underside of the hopper, thus sealing the furnace. The hot gases could then be led off through a large pipe to do useful work. The charge was dropped onto the bell, and when enough had accumulated there the bell was lowered, allowing the charge to fall into the furnace. The gas escaped only for the brief period that the bell was lowered. The advantages of this arrangement were soon realized by other ironmasters and it was quite rapidly, and then generally, adopted. The device was still in use in the 1990s, with modifications.[br]Bibliography1858, "On the principal causes of derangements in blast furnaces", Proceedings of the South Wales Institute of Engineers 1:26–39 (describes his improvements to the blast furnace), 28 ff. (relates to the improvements in the charging arrangements).Further ReadingW.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, p. 52.LRD -
18 Rammler, Erich
[br]b. 9 July 1901 Tirpersdorf, near Oelsnitz, Germanyd. 6 November 1986 Freiberg, Saxony, Germany[br]German mining engineer, developer of metallurgic coke from lignite.[br]A scholar of the Mining Academy in Freiberg, who in his dissertation dealt with the fineness of coal dust, Rammler started experiments in 1925 relating to firing this material. In the USA this process, based on coal, had turned out to be very effective in large boiler furnaces. Rammler endeavoured to apply the process to lignite and pursued general research work on various thermochemical problems as well as methods of grinding and classifying. As producing power from lignite was of specific interest for the young Soviet Union, with its large demand from its new power stations and its as-yet unexploited lignite deposits, he soon came into contact with the Soviet authorities. In his laboratory in Dresden, which he had bought from the freelance metallurgist Paul Otto Rosin after his emigration and under whom he had been working since he left the Academy, he continued his studies in refining coal and soon gained an international reputation. He opened up means of producing coke from lignite for use in metallurgical processes.His later work was of utmost importance after the Second World War when several countries in Eastern Europe, especially East Germany with its large lignite deposits, established their own iron and steel industries. Accordingly, the Soviet administration supported his experiments vigorously after he joined Karl Kegel's Institute for Briquetting in Freiberg in 1945. Through his numerous books and articles, he became the internationally leading expert on refining lignite and Kegel's successor as head of the Institute and Professor at the Bergakademie. Six years later, he produced for the first time high-temperature coke from lignite low in ash and sulphur for smelting in low-shaft furnaces. Rammler was widely honoured and contributed decisively to the industrial development of his country; he demonstrated new technological processes when, under austere conditions, economical and ecological considerations were neglected.[br]BibliographyRammler, whose list of publications comprises more than 600 titles on various matters of his main scientific concern, also was the co-author (with E.Wächtler) of two articles on the development of briquetting brown coal in Germany, both published in 1985, Freiberger Forschungshefte, D 163 and D 169, Leipzig.Further ReadingE.Wächtler, W.Mühlfriedel and W.Michel, 1976, Erich Rammler, Leipzig, (substantial biography, although packed with communist propaganda).M.Rasch, 1989, "Paul Rosin—Ingenieur, Hochschullehrer und Rationalisierungsfachmann". Technikgeschichte 56:101–32 (describes the framework within which Rammler's primary research developed).WK -
19 Fox, Samson
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Metallurgy, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 11 July 1838 Bowling, near Bradford, Yorkshire, Englandd. 24 October 1903 Walsall, Staffordshire, England[br]English engineer who invented the corrugated boiler furnace.[br]He was the son of a cloth mill worker in Leeds and at the age of 10 he joined his father at the mill. Showing a mechanical inclination, he was apprenticed to a firm of machine-tool makers, Smith, Beacock and Tannett. There he rose to become Foreman and Traveller, and designed and patented tools for cutting bevelled gears. With his brother and one Refitt, he set up the Silver Cross engineering works for making special machine tools. In 1874 he founded the Leeds Forge Company, acting as Managing Director until 1896 and then as Chairman until shortly before his death.It was in 1877 that he patented his most important invention, the corrugated furnace for steam-boilers. These furnaces could withstand much higher pressures than the conventional form, and higher working pressures in marine boilers enabled triple-expansion engines to be installed, greatly improving the performance of steamships, and the outcome was the great ocean-going liners of the twentieth century. The first vessel to be equipped with the corrugated furnace was the Pretoria of 1878. At first the furnaces were made by hammering iron plates using swage blocks under a steam hammer. A plant for rolling corrugated plates was set up at Essen in Germany, and Fox installed a similar mill at his works in Leeds in 1882.In 1886 Fox installed a Siemens steelmaking plant and he was notable in the movement for replacing wrought iron with steel. He took out several patents for making pressed-steel underframes for railway wagons. The business prospered and Fox opened a works near Chicago in the USA, where in addition to wagon underframes he manufactured the first American pressed-steel carriages. He later added a works at Pittsburgh.Fox was the first in England to use water gas for his metallurgical operations and for lighting, with a saving in cost as it was cheaper than coal gas. He was also a pioneer in the acetylene industry, producing in 1894 the first calcium carbide, from which the gas is made.Fox took an active part in public life in and around Leeds, being thrice elected Mayor of Harrogate. As a music lover, he was a benefactor of musicians, contributing no less than £45,000 towards the cost of building the Royal College of Music in London, opened in 1894. In 1897 he sued for libel the author Jerome K.Jerome and the publishers of the Today magazine for accusing him of misusing his great generosity to the College to give a misleading impression of his commercial methods and prosperity. He won the case but was not awarded costs.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society of Arts James Watt Silver Medal and Howard Gold Medal. Légion d'honneur 1889.Bibliography1877, British Patent nos. 1097 and 2530 (the corrugated furnace or "flue", as it was often called).Further ReadingObituary, 1903, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers: 919–21.Obituary, 1903, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers (the fullest of the many obituary notices).G.A.Newby, 1993, "Behind the fire doors: Fox's corrugated furnace 1877 and the high pressure steamship", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 64.LRD -
20 Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 16 April 1850 London, Englandd. 1 February 1885 Paris, France[br]English inventor of basic steelmaking.[br]Thomas was educated at Dulwich College and from the age of 17, for the next twelve years, he made his living as a police-court clerk, although he studied chemistry in his spare time as an evening student at Birkbeck College, London. While there, he heard of the difficulties encountered by the Bessemer steelmaking process, which at that time was limited to using phosphorus-free iron. Any of this element present in the iron was oxidized to phosphoric acid, which would not react with the acidic lining in the converter, with the result that it would remain in the iron and render it too brittle to use. Unfortunately, phosphoric iron ores are more common than those free of this harmful element. Thomas was attracted by the view that a fortune awaited anyone who could solve this problem, and was not discouraged by the failure of several august figures in the industry, including Siemens and Lowthian Bell.Thomas's knowledge of chemistry taught him that whereas an acidic lining allowed the phosphorus to remain in the iron, a basic lining would react with it to form part of the slag, which could then be tapped off. His experiments to find a suitable material were conducted in difficult conditions, in his spare time with meagre apparatus. Finally he found that a converter lined with dolomite, a form of limestone, would succeed, and he appealed to his cousin Percy Carlyle Gilchrist, Chemist at the Blaenavon Ironworks in Monmouthshire, for help in carrying out pilot-scale trials. In 1879 he gave up his police-court job to devote himself to the work, and in the same year they patented the Thomas- Gilchrist process. The first licence to use it was granted to Bolckow, Vaughan \& Co. of Middlesborough, and there the first steel was made in a basic Bessemer converter on 4 April 1879. The process was rapidly taken up and spread widely in Europe and beyond and was applied to other furnaces. Thomas made a fortune, but his health did not long allow him to enjoy it, for he died at the early age of 34.[br]BibliographyL.G.Thompson, 1940, Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, an Invention and Its Consequences, London: Faber.T.G.Davies, 1978, Blaenavon and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, Sheffield: Historical Metallurgy Society.LRDBiographical history of technology > Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
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